Benchmarking Modern FHE Libraries: OpenFHE, Microsoft SEAL, and Zama Concrete for Identity

A comparative technical benchmark of leading open-source homomorphic encryption frameworks applied to high-throughput identity verification.

The Maturation of Homomorphic Software Toolchains

Homomorphic encryption has advanced from theoretical curiosity to practical production capability. We examine the architecture, SIMD batching capabilities, and GPU acceleration features of OpenFHE, Microsoft SEAL, and Zama Concrete.

Benchmarking Vector Dot Products and Rotation Overhead

Detailed empirical benchmarks measuring execution time, memory footprints, and ciphertext expansion ratios when processing 512-dimensional floating-point vectors on modern multi-core x86 and ARM servers.

Hardware Acceleration via CUDA and AVX-512

Demonstrating how GPU offloading (NVIDIA CUDA) accelerates polynomial NTT operations in homomorphic evaluation by over 40x, enabling cloud servers to process over 500 biometric verifications per second per server node.